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¿Habrá aprendido a hablar un simio?
Por Carl Wieland
Creation Vol. 25 (3):52, 2003
Las afirmaciones están circulando ampliamente de que Kanzi, un bonobo o chimpancé pigmeo, ha hecho exactamente esto. De hecho, la realidad es mucho más mundana de lo que toda la emoción evolucionista sugeriría.
Se ha sabido por algunos años que Kanzi y otros habían sido entrenados para usar símbolos simples para representar conceptos como “plátanos”, “uvas”, “jugo” o “si”. Y ahora se ha mostrado, aparentemente de cintas analizadas, que este simio ha usado cuatro sonidos distintos para representar aquellos cuatro conceptos particulares. Si algún otro simio o humano nació para “entenderlos”, no esta claro actualmente.
Debería observarse que los sonidos no son en nada como el lenguaje humano, ni siquiera una imitación de el. La laringe de un simio, simplemente no tiene esa capacidad. Por ejemplo, no puede hacer las principales vocales (a, o, i, etc.) del lenguaje humano. Los Loros Grises Africanos, sin pensar en estar estrechamente relacionados con los humanos en absoluto, hacen un trabajo mucho mejor usando la vocalización para comunicar conceptos simbólicos. Uno de ellos, por lo menos, así como hemos informado en la revista Creation hace un tiempo atrás 1 , ha sido capaz de articular verdaderas palabras en inglés y vincularlas con conceptos significativos. Pero, debido a que causa problema con el concepto evolucionista, es obvio que la mayoría de la gente raramente escucha algo de esto.
Mas significativamente, ni el loro, ni Kanzi, ni ningún otro animal, ha usado en realidad un verdadero lenguaje. El lenguaje no necesariamente tiene que involucrar palabras habladas, o algunos sonidos en absoluto – pensemos en lenguaje de señas, el cual es un verdadero lenguaje. Pero el lenguaje, sea vocalizado o no, es definido por los lingüistas como más que simplemente el uso de símbolos. Este involucra cosas como la sintaxis y la gramática. Por eso, aunque los simios pueden hacer señales de algunas cosas, esto nunca debería confundirse con el verdadero lenguaje de señas.
Cuando muchos niños sordos en Nicaragua fueron criados juntos en un ambiente sin ninguna información de lenguaje hablado, ellos desarrollaron espontáneamente su propio lenguaje de señas altamente complejo, completo con reglas de gramática y sintaxis. Los cerebros humanos llevan esa complicada programación que hace eso posible, incluso inevitable. Las personas sordas procesan el lenguaje de señas en las mismas áreas del cerebro en las que las personas oyentes procesan el lenguaje hablado. Pero, estas áreas del lenguaje son únicas en los humanos, e inexistentes en las criaturas no humanas.
En pocas palabras, simios que hablan, no existen.
Referencia
1.
El cerebro de las aves encajan con el de los chimpancés (y ninguno de los dos llegan a ir a la escuela primaria), Creation 19(1): 47, 1996.
Traducción: Julio Nicanor Herrera Díaz